![]() Therefore, there are three kinds of information that one must have for chemical engineering: balances, kinetics and thermodynamics. Thermodynamics has played a fundamental role in the development of chemical industry, facilitating design of new technologies, enabling optimization of existing processes and avoiding difficult measurements. Thermodynamics is widely applied in chemical engineering, but its full potential is still unexploited in biotechnology. Thus, animate matter performs thermodynamic processes corresponding to biological (life) processes. Thus, an organism also represents a growing open system due to accumulation of matter and energy ( Popovic, 2017b). Moreover, the seven fundamental characteristics of life are: (1) ordered cell structure, (2) reproduction, (3) growth and development, (4) energy utilization, (5) response to the environment, (6) homeostasis, and (7) evolutionary adaptation ( Campbell and Reece, 2002). Animate matter represents an open system ( von Bertalanffy, 1950). In biological terms, an organism is characterized by cellular structure that corresponds to a thermodynamic system ( Morowitz, 1955 Schrödinger, 2003 von Bertalanffy, 1950 Balmer, 2010 Popovic, 2017a, 2018, Demirel, 2014). Three periods can be distinguished in the existence of a microorganism colony: (a) accumulation period when cell number, mass and entropy increase, (b) steady state period when they are approximately constant, and (c) decumulation period when they decrease.Īnimate matter represents a highly organized, self-assembled amount of substance clearly separated by a semipermeable membrane from its environment (inanimate matter) ( Morowitz, 1992). Finally, based on the determined thermodynamic properties, entropy of individual E. coli and Pseudomonas cells were determined and entropy of a Pseudomonas colony during its lifespan was calculated and analyzed. A brief review was given of microorganism endogenous and growth metabolic rates. Furthermore, all the analyzed microorganisms have negative h f ⁰, originating from partial oxidation of all other elements by oxygen and nitrogen. It was found that h f ⁰, s⁰, g f ⁰ are, respectively, similar for all the analyzed species, due to the fact that all living organisms have a common ancestor and thus a similar chemical composition. These parameters were calculated on molar and mass specific basis for 32 microorganism species, including 14 bacteria, 7 yeast and 11 algae species. In this paper, a review was made of methods for estimation of thermodynamic properties of biomass, including standard enthalpy of combustion h C ⁰, enthalpy of formation h f ⁰, entropy s⁰, and Gibbs free energy of formation g f ⁰. However, its application in biotechnology has been hampered by lack of data on thermodynamic properties of microorganism biomass. (eds.Thermodynamic analysis is an important part of chemical engineering. It is highly recommend that you seek the Safety Data Sheet ( SDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions. The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. Heat capacity of anhydrous liquid ammonia. ![]() Heat capacity of liquid and vapor Heat capacity, c p, of anhydrous ammonia gas. The fifth column is the heat of vaporization needed to convert one gram of liquid to vapor.įreezing curve of ammonia-water system. The fourth column is the density of the vapor. The third column is the density of the liquid phase. The second column is vapor pressure in k Pa. The table above gives properties of the vapor–liquid equilibrium of anhydrous ammonia at various temperatures. Where P is pressure in k Pa, and T is temperature in kelvins Ī = 6.67956, B = 1002.711, C = 25.215 for T = 190 K through 333 K. ![]() Vapor-pressure formula for ammonia: log 10 P = A – B / ( T − C), Log 10 of anydrous ammonia vapor pressure. Otherwise temperature is equilibrium of vapor over liquid. The (s) notation indicates equilibrium temperature of vapor over solid. Table data (above) obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed. Thermodynamic properties Phase diagram and crystalline states of ammonia Structure and properties Molecular structure This page provides supplementary chemical data on ammonia. ![]()
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